Lost in the Dunes -- Susan Price
Look at this little fella. Isn't he great?
I imagine most, if not all,
of my readers will immediately recognise him— even without the
caption— as a knight from the
Lewis chessmen. The photograph above, though, was taken by me of one
that sits on my shelf. It's a replica, quite a good one, I think, and
it allows you to hold the little character in your hand
and get a good close look at him.
He's very like a Norman
(norse-man) knight, with his kite-shaped shield and his conical helmet
with a
nose-piece. His horse is a sturdy little beast— I think its size,
proportionate to its rider, was probably accurately observed. The rider
has stirrups, and the horse has a
caparison.
Here's the other piece I own: a Bishop.
He may look as if he's making a rude gesture, but I think it's a blessing. Here's the back of him, showing the beautiful carving of his elaborate chair, and mitre ribbons.
The chessmen were found on the west coast of the Outer Hebridean island of Lewis, in 1831, one of history's great accidental finds.
There are several differing stories about how they were found. One says they were unearthed by a cow. The first I came across said that they were found in a sand-dune, in a little 'cave', and that the superstitious Highlander who found them, Malcolm Mcleod, was frightened and ran away, thinking he'd stumbled on a gathering of 'the little people' or fairies.
I was always suspicious about this
story: it assumed that a Highland crofter was a fool, and I'm pretty
sure that if you want to find a fool among the
Highland crofters, then or now, you'll have to take one with you.
If there was any truth in the tale at all, it sounded to me like a story Mcleod might have told to amuse his
friends.
So, what is known for sure about the pieces? Well, most of them are carved from walrus ivory, though a few are made from whales' teeth. Their manufacture has been dated pretty firmly to the 12th Century, in Norway, probably in Trondheim, where there was a market for such expensive, high-status articles, and where similar figures have been found. Dr. Alex Woolf, director of the Institute for Medieval Studies of the University of St. Andrews, argues that the armour worn by some of the figures is a perfect replica of that worn in Norway at the time.
There is some disagreement, however. Gudmundur G. Thórarinsson has published a paper which makes a case for the chessmen being Icelandic. He points out that the chessmen are the oldest known to make a connection between the Church and chess, and that only two countries in the world call the piece above 'bishop', and those countries are Iceland and Britain.
Some have also argued that the small horses ridden by the knights look like Icelandic horses.
They're called 'the chessmen' rather than 'the chess set' because there are figures from more than one set. There are, altogether, 19 pawns (which look rather like standing stones), 8 Kings, 8 Queens, 16 bishops, 15 knights and 12 rooks. Some of them seem to have been stained red, suggesting that Viking chess pieces were red and white, rather than black and white. As you can see in the photo above, the pieces differ quite a lot in size and style.
Probably the biggest
mystery about them is why on earth so many pieces from several
different, high
quality, expensive chess sets were buried in a sand dune, in a
little stone 'kist', beside a bay on a remote Outer Hebridean island.
Well, of course, in the 12th Century, and for most of the Viking Age preceding it, these islands weren't remotely 'remote'. Take another look at that map. The Hebrides were ruled by Norway at the time, as were the Orkneys and Shetlands, and large parts of Scotland and Ireland. The Hebrides were at the centre of thriving maritime trade-routes, with ships coming and going from Scandinavia to Scotland, the Islands, Ireland, the Faroes, Iceland, and even Greenland and America. They traded in soapstone, timber, amber, walrus ivory and walrus hide. Oh, and slaves. The Vikings were big in the slave-trade. But they enslaved anybody and everybody, with a fine lack of discrimination. Slavery was central to their society, as it had been to Ancient Greece and Rome.
One theory, which seems pretty convincing, was that the chessmen were part of the stock-in-trade of some merchant travelling these whale-roads. He'd bought from craftsmen in Trondheim, and hoped to sell to wealthy jarls in Shetland, Orkney or the Isles.
Fair enough, but that still leaves us wondering why he
then buried them in the sand dune on Uig Bay. What happened? Was he
attacked by pirates? Did he hope to return and recover them? They must
have been worth quite a bit.
A friend suggests that
perhaps the merchant was in debt, and hid these valuable items rather
than see them taken in payment. And
was then done in by the loan-shark before he could recover them. You
have to admit, a Viking loan-shark is a pretty formidable notion.
For whatever reason they were hidden, they then stayed in the dark, in their little cave, for nearly 600 years.
They carry a lot of
information, these little figures. Look at the Kings and Queens here.
The Kings have
different faces and different beards, though similar crowns and
draperies. Both hold their swords across their knees. My friend
suggested they were whetstones, ancient symbols of royalty. That's likely, but I
think, looking closely, they are swords. The kings seem to be
holding a hilt at one end, and the carving suggests a scabbard. Sitting
with a sword across their knees is how Viking kings
and lords received vows of fealty.
The Queens are dressed almost identically, and sit in a similar pose. Each has one hand pressed to her face, though one supports this hand by placing the other under her elbow, and one is holding a drinking horn. They teach us a lesson in being wary of thinking we understand the past, because these little figures seem comic to us. Do their woeful, pained expressions convey toothache or indigestion? Is the one with the drinking horn drunk? Are they thinking about household chores, or just fed up with being surrounded by drunken Vikings? (Spam, spam, spam, spam - spam, spam, spam, spam...)
In fact, they were surely never intended to be comic. Vikings took
their
chess seriously and the wealthy aristocrats who were the intended
market belonged to a society with strict class divisions. A comic
chess-set which guyed their pretensions was unlikely to
appeal to them.
The Queens' pose is part
of a complex visual code that would have been understood at the time
(just as
we understand many of the poses and 'uniforms' used in that modern
propaganda we call advertising.) The Queen's glum face, and hand to her
cheek, convey compassion and mercy, with perhaps just a
dash of wisdom. That was understood to be a Queen's job: to leaven
her husband's demands for loyalty and fighting men, with a little
gentleness and understanding.
You can see the strips of
'tablet-weave' decorating the edges of the queen's sleeves and cape.
These strips were woven in bright
colours and patterns on small 'tablets' or miniature looms. And is
that a striped under-sleeve, or a pile of many bracelets?
It's worth mentioning that
the King, Queen and Bishop are seated in chairs to convey their high
social status. They could just as
easily have been carved standing. But no, the High-Ups didn't stand.
They sat, in grand chairs with arms and high backs, while the
hoi-polloi stood or knelt.
Not all the warders are about to run battle-mad. The one below is stalwart and on guard with sword and shield at the ready, but not even tempted to give his shield a nibble. These figures aren't meant to be comic either, however funny and cute they seem to us. They're meant to convey ferocity in battle, and a readiness to fight for their lord and die in his service, if necessary.
Perhaps one of the selling points of these chess men was that you could choose the figures you liked best. Berserkers, if your taste ran that way, or sober guards, if not. I imagine many figures spread out on the table of a jarl's hall. Perhaps the jarl allowed his children to choose which warders, kings, queens and bishops he bought. Or, maybe you could buy replacements for pieces lost or broken?
Maybe they were carved to order? If so, several people were left wondering what had happened to their ordered chess set. Runic letters were dispatched by ship to Trondheim: 'I ordered a chess set last Egg-Month (May), and now it's Blood Month (November) and they still haven't come.'
My friend suggests that perhaps they
were one massive chess-set, where players chose pieces according to
their character or mood. "Tonight, Thorstein, I shall have
the berserkers, the Queen with the drinking horn, the Bishop who's
clutching his crosier as if he's going to bash somebody with it, and the
King with the leer." It's an attractive idea, but I
think the sizes of the pieces are too varied for them to be part of a
single set.
Why were they buried in that stone kist, in a sand dune? Why were they left there and never
collected?
I so much want to know, and I never shall. There's a story there, somewhere. I wish somebody would write it.
Feasting The Wolf
Farm boys Ottar and Ketil love to hear stories about the Great Army: the ruthless warriors ruled by pirate kings, the glory and riches won in blood-soaked battles...
Susan Price: Carnegie medal winning author
website www.susanpriceauthor.com
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